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Biology
Cells, plants, the human body, genetics, ecology, and health and disease.
7 categories · 41 chapters · 288 topics
Foundations of Biology
What biology is, how scientists solve problems, and how living things are named and grouped.
- Chapter 1
Introduction to Biology
What is Biology? · Branches of Biology · Relationship of Biology with Other Sciences · Careers in Biology …
6 topicsInteractive lessonClass 9Class 11 - Chapter 2
The Scientific Method (Solving a Biological Problem)
Steps of the Scientific Method · Observation and Questions · Hypothesis and Deduction · Experiments, Variables and Controls …
7 topicsInteractive lessonClass 9Class 11 - Chapter 3
Biodiversity and Classification
What is Biodiversity? · Importance of Biodiversity · Aims and Basis of Classification · Taxonomic Hierarchy …
9 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level
Cell Biology and Biochemistry
The cell, the molecules of life, enzymes, and how cells get energy and divide.
- Chapter 4
Cell Structure and Function
Microscopes: Light and Electron · Magnification and Resolution · Cell Theory · Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells …
14 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 5
Movement In and Out of Cells
Diffusion · Facilitated Diffusion · Osmosis · Osmosis in Plant and Animal Cells …
8 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 6
Biological Molecules
Water and its Importance · Carbohydrates · Proteins · Lipids …
6 topicsClass 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 7
Enzymes
What Are Enzymes? · Characteristics of Enzymes · Lock-and-Key and Induced-Fit Models · Effect of Temperature …
9 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 8
Bioenergetics: Photosynthesis and Respiration
ATP: the Energy Currency · Photosynthesis: Equation and Process · Light-Dependent Reactions · Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) …
9 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 9
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
The Cell Cycle · Chromosomes · Mitosis · Meiosis …
7 topicsClass 9O LevelA Level
Botany (Plant Biology)
Plants: their groups, structure, nutrition, transport, growth and reproduction.
- Chapter 10
Kingdom Plantae (Plant Diversity)
Features of Plants · Bryophytes (Mosses) · Pteridophytes (Ferns) · Gymnosperms …
6 topicsClass 11 - Chapter 11
Plant Structure and Tissues
Root Structure · Stem Structure · Leaf Structure · Meristematic Tissues …
5 topicsClass 9O Level - Chapter 12
Plant Nutrition
Leaf Adaptations for Photosynthesis · Mineral Nutrition · Role of Nitrogen and Magnesium · Mineral Deficiency in Plants …
5 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 13
Transport in Plants
Xylem and Phloem · Water Uptake by Roots · Transpiration · Factors Affecting Transpiration …
7 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 14
Gaseous Exchange in Plants
Stomata and Lenticels · Gas Exchange in Day and Night
2 topicsClass 10Class 11O Level - Chapter 15
Plant Growth, Support and Coordination
Plant Hormones · Tropisms: Phototropism and Gravitropism · Photoperiodism · Support in Plants …
5 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 16
Reproduction in Plants
Asexual Reproduction and Vegetative Propagation · Structure of a Flower · Pollination · Fertilisation in Flowering Plants …
7 topicsClass 10Class 12O Level
Zoology (Animal and Human Biology)
Animals and the human body: every organ system, from digestion to the brain, eye and ear.
- Chapter 17
Kingdom Animalia (Animal Diversity)
Features of Animals · Sponges and Cnidarians · Flatworms and Roundworms · Annelids …
8 topicsClass 11 - Chapter 18
Human Nutrition and the Digestive System
Nutrients and Balanced Diet · Vitamins and Minerals · Malnutrition and Deficiency Diseases · Mouth and Teeth …
10 topicsClass 9Class 11O Level - Chapter 19
The Respiratory System (Lungs and Breathing)
Organs of the Respiratory System · Mechanism of Breathing · Gas Exchange in the Alveoli · Breathing and Respiration Compared …
7 topicsClass 10Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 20
Blood and the Circulatory System (Heart)
Composition of Blood · Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets · Blood Groups and Transfusion · Structure of the Heart …
10 topicsClass 9Class 11O LevelA Level - Chapter 21
Excretory System and Homeostasis (Kidneys and Skin)
What is Homeostasis? · Excretory Organs · Structure of the Kidney · Nephron and Urine Formation …
8 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 22
The Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Neurons: Structure and Types · Nerve Impulse · Synapse · Central Nervous System …
10 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 23
Sense Organs (Eye, Ear, Skin, Nose and Tongue)
Structure of the Eye · How We See · Accommodation and Pupil Reflex · Eye Defects and their Correction …
10 topicsClass 10O Level - Chapter 24
The Endocrine System (Hormones)
Endocrine Glands and Hormones · Pituitary Gland · Thyroid Gland · Pancreas: Insulin and Glucagon …
9 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 25
Skeletal and Muscular System (Support and Movement)
Human Skeleton · Bones and Cartilage · Joints · Types of Muscles …
6 topicsClass 10Class 12 - Chapter 26
The Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System · Female Reproductive System · Menstrual Cycle · Fertilisation and Pregnancy …
6 topicsClass 10Class 12O Level - Chapter 27
Animal Behaviour
Innate Behaviour · Learned Behaviour · Social Behaviour · Communication in Animals
4 topicsClass 12
Genetics and Evolution
DNA, genes and inheritance, and how living things change over time.
- Chapter 28
Chromosomes and DNA
Chromosome Structure · DNA Structure · DNA Replication · Genes and the Genetic Code …
7 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 29
Inheritance
Mendel's Experiments · Law of Segregation · Law of Independent Assortment · Genotype and Phenotype …
12 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 30
Evolution
Origin of Life · Lamarck's Theory · Darwin and Natural Selection · Evidence for Evolution …
7 topicsClass 12O LevelA Level
Ecology and Environment
How living things interact with each other and their surroundings, and how humans affect the planet.
- Chapter 31
Ecosystems
Components of an Ecosystem · Habitat and Niche · Food Chains and Food Webs · Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids …
8 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 32
Populations and Communities
Population Growth · Predation and Competition · Symbiosis: Mutualism, Parasitism and Commensalism · Ecological Succession
4 topicsClass 12A Level - Chapter 33
Man and His Environment
Air Pollution · Water Pollution · Land Pollution · Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming …
8 topicsClass 10Class 12O Level
Microbiology, Biotechnology and Health
Microbes, disease and immunity, medicines, and how biology is used to improve human life.
- Chapter 34
Viruses
Discovery of Viruses · Structure of Viruses · Life Cycle of a Bacteriophage · Viral Diseases …
5 topicsClass 11A Level - Chapter 35
Bacteria (Kingdom Monera)
Structure of a Bacterial Cell · Shapes of Bacteria · Nutrition in Bacteria · Reproduction in Bacteria …
6 topicsClass 11A Level - Chapter 36
Protists
Protozoa · Algae · Fungus-like Protists · Importance of Protists
4 topicsClass 11 - Chapter 37
Fungi
Structure of Fungi · Nutrition in Fungi · Reproduction in Fungi · Useful and Harmful Fungi
4 topicsClass 11 - Chapter 38
Disease and Immunity
Pathogens and How Diseases Spread · Common Diseases in Pakistan · Body Defences · Immune Response: B and T Cells …
8 topicsClass 10O LevelA Level - Chapter 39
Pharmacology (Medicines and Drugs)
Medicinal Drugs · Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance · Vaccines and Antiseptics · Addictive Drugs …
5 topicsClass 10O Level - Chapter 40
Biotechnology
Fermentation and its Uses · Genetic Engineering · Recombinant DNA and Insulin Production · PCR and Gel Electrophoresis …
7 topicsClass 10Class 12O LevelA Level - Chapter 41
Biology and Human Welfare
Crop Improvement · Animal Husbandry · Biology in Medicine and Healthcare
3 topicsClass 12