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Earth and Space · Planet Earth · Chapter 2

Structure of the Earth

Taught in Class 9Class 10O Level

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Topics in this chapter

  1. 2.1Shape and Size of the EarthThe Earth is an oblate spheroid with an average radius of 6,371 km. Evidence that the Earth is round, and Al-Biruni's method of measuring its radius, with a virtual lab.Interactive lesson
  2. 2.2Layers: Crust, Mantle and CoreThe layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, outer core and inner core), their depth, state and temperature, and how earthquake waves reveal them, with a shadow-zone virtual lab.Interactive lesson
  3. 2.3Earth's Magnetic FieldHow the Earth's magnetic field is produced in the outer core, magnetic poles, declination and dip, and why the field protects life, with a compass virtual lab.Interactive lesson
  4. 2.4MineralsWhat minerals are, how they are identified by colour, streak, lustre, hardness and cleavage, the Mohs scale, and minerals of Pakistan, with a virtual scratch test.Interactive lesson
  5. 2.5Rocks and the Rock CycleIgneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, how they form, examples from Pakistan, and the rock cycle, with a rock-cycle virtual lab.Interactive lesson
  6. 2.6Fossils and the Age of the EarthHow fossils form, famous fossils from Pakistan such as Pakicetus, the law of superposition, half-life and radiometric dating, and the age of the Earth, with a radioactive-decay virtual lab.Interactive lesson

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